{"id":2372,"date":"2020-06-21T07:51:51","date_gmt":"2020-06-21T07:51:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/alalloycasting.com\/?p=2372"},"modified":"2020-09-17T05:37:42","modified_gmt":"2020-09-17T05:37:42","slug":"aluminum-alloy-ingots","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alalloycasting.com\/pt\/aluminum-alloy-ingots\/","title":{"rendered":"Lingotes de liga de alum\u00ednio"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fabricante de Cff 40 PPI: An\u00e1lise de defeitos e solu\u00e7\u00f5es para lingotes de liga de alum\u00ednio fundidos<\/strong><\/p>\n

No processo de produ\u00e7\u00e3o de lingotes de liga de alum\u00ednio fundido, caso haja um controle inadequado, frequentemente ocorrem diversos defeitos no produto, especialmente em ligas de alum\u00ednio-sil\u00edcio, como ADC12 e A356.<\/p>\n

Segrega\u00e7\u00e3o de componentes qu\u00edmicos em lingotes O fen\u00f4meno da distribui\u00e7\u00e3o desigual de componentes qu\u00edmicos em lingotes \u00e9 denominado segrega\u00e7\u00e3o. Em ligas de alum\u00ednio submetidas a deforma\u00e7\u00e3o, a segrega\u00e7\u00e3o inclui principalmente a segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intragranular e a segrega\u00e7\u00e3o reversa.<\/p>\n

Segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intragranular em lingotes de liga de alum\u00ednio fundidos<\/h2>\n

O fen\u00f4meno da composi\u00e7\u00e3o qu\u00edmica desigual nos gr\u00e3os da microestrutura \u00e9 denominado segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intragranular.<\/p>\n

A caracter\u00edstica microestrutural da segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intragranular \u00e9 que a estrutura intragranular corro\u00edda se assemelha a uma estrutura em forma de an\u00e9is de \u00e1rvore. A microdureza nos gr\u00e3os \u00e9 diferente: a microdureza pr\u00f3xima aos limites dos gr\u00e3os \u00e9 alta, enquanto a microdureza no centro dos gr\u00e3os \u00e9 baixa.<\/p>\n

A exist\u00eancia de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intragranular torna a composi\u00e7\u00e3o qu\u00edmica no interior do gr\u00e3o e a estrutura do lingote extremamente irregulares, o que prejudica gravemente o desempenho do lingote, principalmente:<\/p>\n

1. A irregularidade na composi\u00e7\u00e3o qu\u00edmica e o excesso desequilibrado de fase causados pela segrega\u00e7\u00e3o nos cristais da solu\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00f3lida reduzem a estabilidade da liga contra a corros\u00e3o eletroqu\u00edmica.
\n2. O surgimento de uma composi\u00e7\u00e3o eut\u00e9tica fora do equil\u00edbrio ou de baixo ponto de fus\u00e3o reduz a temperatura de fus\u00e3o da liga, o que facilita a ocorr\u00eancia de sobreaquecimento local durante o processo subsequente de deforma\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica ou de aquecimento para t\u00eampera.
\n3. A segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intragranular n\u00e3o apenas causa o surgimento de fases de n\u00e3o equil\u00edbrio e aumenta o n\u00famero de segundas fases, mas tamb\u00e9m faz com que essas fases de baixo ponto de fus\u00e3o formem uma rede dendr\u00edtica dura e fr\u00e1gil ao redor dos dendritos cristalinos, o que reduz drasticamente a plasticidade e o desempenho de processamento do lingote.
\n4. A irregularidade na composi\u00e7\u00e3o qu\u00edmica causada pela segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intragranular \u00e9 transmitida ao produto semiacabado, resultando na forma\u00e7\u00e3o de gr\u00e3os grossos no material processado ap\u00f3s o recozimento.<\/p>\n

A segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intracristalina \u00e9 causada por uma cristaliza\u00e7\u00e3o desequilibrada. Portanto, na produ\u00e7\u00e3o real de lingotes de liga de alum\u00ednio por fundi\u00e7\u00e3o cont\u00ednua, a segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intragranular \u00e9 inevit\u00e1vel. Um m\u00e9todo eficaz para eliminar a segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intracristalina consiste em homogeneizar o lingote por um longo per\u00edodo.<\/p>\n

\"Lingotes<\/p>\n

Solu\u00e7\u00f5es para a segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intragranular<\/h2>\n

1. Aumentar a taxa de resfriamento, utilizar o tratamento metam\u00f3rfico para refinar os gr\u00e3os e a estrutura intragranular e reduzir a extens\u00e3o da segrega\u00e7\u00e3o intragranular.
\n2. Utilizando um m\u00e9todo totalmente oposto, reduza a taxa de resfriamento e realize a fundi\u00e7\u00e3o em cavidade l\u00edquida profunda, semelhante \u00e0 fundi\u00e7\u00e3o em lingote, para diminuir o grau de supersatura\u00e7\u00e3o do ferro, do mangan\u00eas e de outros elementos, a fim de reduzir o grau de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o.
\n3. Escolha alguns aditivos capazes de alterar adequadamente as propriedades cristalinas da liga. Por exemplo, a adi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma quantidade adequada de ferro \u00e0 liga 3A21 reduz a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de mangan\u00eas no banho s\u00f3lido, diminuindo assim a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o desigual do mangan\u00eas nos gr\u00e3os. Na produ\u00e7\u00e3o real, na presen\u00e7a de ferro como impureza, a adi\u00e7\u00e3o de tit\u00e2nio \u00e9 ben\u00e9fica para reduzir a segrega\u00e7\u00e3o nos gr\u00e3os da solu\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00f3lida da liga 3A21, pois as dire\u00e7\u00f5es de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o do tit\u00e2nio e do mangan\u00eas s\u00e3o opostas, e o centro do dendrito cont\u00e9m tit\u00e2nio, o que reduz a diferen\u00e7a entre a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o da solu\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00f3lida no centro e na borda do gr\u00e3o s\u00f3lido.<\/p>\n

An\u00e1lise de defeitos de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o reversa em lingotes de liga de alum\u00ednio fundidos<\/h2>\n

O fen\u00f4meno pelo qual a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o do soluto na borda do lingote \u00e9 maior do que a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o do soluto no centro do lingote \u00e9 chamado de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o reversa.
\nAs caracter\u00edsticas estruturais da segrega\u00e7\u00e3o reversa n\u00e3o s\u00e3o f\u00e1ceis de distinguir a partir da microestrutura e s\u00f3 podem ser confirmadas por meio da an\u00e1lise da composi\u00e7\u00e3o qu\u00edmica.<\/p>\n

A segrega\u00e7\u00e3o reversa nos lingotes de liga de alum\u00ednio \u00e9 uma das principais causas das grandes diferen\u00e7as nas propriedades mec\u00e2nicas e f\u00edsicas dos lingotes e de seus produtos obtidos por processo de prensagem.
\nEm \u00e1reas onde o grau de segrega\u00e7\u00e3o reversa \u00e9 grave, a composi\u00e7\u00e3o qu\u00edmica chega a exceder os limites da norma, e as propriedades mec\u00e2nicas, por sua vez, ultrapassam os valores estabelecidos pela norma, levando ao descarte do material.<\/p>\n

A segrega\u00e7\u00e3o reversa \u00e9 um fen\u00f4meno de mistura que ocorre no processo de solidifica\u00e7\u00e3o de lingotes cont\u00ednuos de liga de alum\u00ednio, o qual n\u00e3o pode ser totalmente evitado, nem eliminado por meio da homogeneiza\u00e7\u00e3o a alta temperatura.<\/p>\n

Solu\u00e7\u00f5es para a segrega\u00e7\u00e3o reversa<\/h2>\n

No entanto, de acordo com as regras de forma\u00e7\u00e3o e os fatores que influenciam a segrega\u00e7\u00e3o reversa, a segrega\u00e7\u00e3o dos elementos pode ser controlada dentro do intervalo permitido. A solu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9:<\/p>\n

1. Melhorar a resist\u00eancia ao resfriamento do lingote.
\n2. Escolha uma velocidade de vazamento adequada, de modo que o \u00e2ngulo de inclina\u00e7\u00e3o da zona de transi\u00e7\u00e3o em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 superf\u00edcie do l\u00edquido exposto n\u00e3o seja muito grande, geralmente n\u00e3o superior a 60\u00b0.
\n3. Aumente adequadamente a temperatura de fundi\u00e7\u00e3o.
\n4. Use um funil de fundi\u00e7\u00e3o adequado para orientar uniformemente o fluxo e fazer com que ele flua at\u00e9 a borda do lingote.<\/p>\n

\"Lingotes<\/p>\n

Inclus\u00f5es de g\u00e1s e n\u00e3o met\u00e1licas em lingotes de liga de alum\u00ednio fundidos<\/h2>\n

Inclus\u00f5es n\u00e3o met\u00e1licas (inclus\u00f5es de esc\u00f3ria)<\/strong>
\nA esc\u00f3ria misturada ao lingote ou outras impurezas n\u00e3o met\u00e1licas que se incorporam ao lingote s\u00e3o chamadas de inclus\u00f5es n\u00e3o met\u00e1licas.
\nAs caracter\u00edsticas da fratura s\u00e3o faixas ou lascas pretas, e as caracter\u00edsticas da microestrutura consistem principalmente em tecidos desordenados pretos, lineares, em blocos e floculentos, que apresentam uma diferen\u00e7a de cor evidente em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao substrato.
\nAs inclus\u00f5es n\u00e3o met\u00e1licas s\u00e3o uma causa importante de delamina\u00e7\u00e3o e de muitos defeitos superficiais em produtos de alum\u00ednio processados.
\nDurante o tratamento t\u00e9rmico e o aquecimento, a presen\u00e7a de inclus\u00f5es n\u00e3o met\u00e1licas pode favorecer a porosidade secund\u00e1ria e a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de bolhas.
\nEm termos de propriedades mec\u00e2nicas, as inclus\u00f5es n\u00e3o met\u00e1licas s\u00e3o pontos de concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o, reduzindo o limite de resist\u00eancia e o alongamento da liga.
\nEm particular, a redu\u00e7\u00e3o no alongamento transversal e nas propriedades mec\u00e2nicas din\u00e2micas (resist\u00eancia ao impacto, resist\u00eancia \u00e0 fadiga e resist\u00eancia \u00e0 fratura) \u00e9 mais acentuada.
\nAl\u00e9m disso, as inclus\u00f5es n\u00e3o met\u00e1licas tamb\u00e9m reduzem a resist\u00eancia da liga \u00e0 corros\u00e3o sob tens\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Inclus\u00f5es n\u00e3o met\u00e1licas (inclus\u00f5es de esc\u00f3ria) geralmente podem ser detectadas durante a inspe\u00e7\u00e3o de amostras de baixa magnitude do lingote.<\/strong>
\nA norma YS67-1993 estipula que, para todos os produtos de liga, a amostra de lingote n\u00e3o deve conter mais do que dois pontos de esc\u00f3ria, e que cada \u00e1rea individual deve ter menos de 0,5 mm\u00b2, caso contr\u00e1rio, a amostra ser\u00e1 rejeitada.
\nAs inclus\u00f5es n\u00e3o met\u00e1licas (inclus\u00f5es de esc\u00f3ria) s\u00e3o os res\u00edduos mais comuns nos lingotes de liga de alum\u00ednio.
\nDe acordo com as estat\u00edsticas, em termos de qualidade, os lingotes descartados devido a inclus\u00f5es de esc\u00f3ria representam de 10% a 25% do total de res\u00edduos. As inclus\u00f5es de esc\u00f3ria s\u00e3o geralmente causadas por esc\u00f3ria, fragmentos de revestimento e \u00f3xidos de grande porte que caem no lingote junto com o metal l\u00edquido durante o processo de fundi\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

M\u00e9todo para prevenir a inclus\u00e3o de esc\u00f3ria<\/h2>\n

A AdTech oferece unidades de purifica\u00e7\u00e3o de alum\u00ednio fundido online, tais como equipamento de desgaseifica\u00e7\u00e3o em linha<\/a>, equipamento de filtragem do tipo placa<\/a>. A unidade de desgaseifica\u00e7\u00e3o online possui duas fun\u00e7\u00f5es: processamento e aquecimento. Ela \u00e9 capaz de remover hidrog\u00eanio (H) e esc\u00f3ria do alum\u00ednio fundido. O equipamento de filtragem CFF \u00e9 adequado para filtrar as inclus\u00f5es e pequenas part\u00edculas presentes no alum\u00ednio fundido.<\/p>\n

1. Refinar cuidadosamente para garantir o tempo de repouso, e Filtro CFF<\/a> no equipamento de filtragem CFF.
\n2. Reduza ao m\u00e1ximo a dist\u00e2ncia de transfer\u00eancia, estabele\u00e7a boas condi\u00e7\u00f5es de transfer\u00eancia e feche todas as aberturas no canal de fluxo, na placa de fluxo e no funil para evitar flutua\u00e7\u00f5es no n\u00edvel do metal. \u00c9 recomend\u00e1vel utilizar o mesmo molde de n\u00edvel, sempre que poss\u00edvel.
\n3. Asse completamente a ferramenta de transfer\u00eancia, aumente adequadamente a temperatura de fundi\u00e7\u00e3o, remova cuidadosamente as esc\u00f3rias durante o processo de fundi\u00e7\u00e3o e limpe cuidadosamente o forno, a placa de fluxo e outras ferramentas ap\u00f3s a fundi\u00e7\u00e3o.
\n4. Use a clean charge.<\/p>\n

\"Lingotes<\/p>\n

Analysis of Oxide Film Defects in Casting Aluminum Alloy Ingots<\/h2>\n

According to the definition of YS\/T417.1-1999, the oxide film is the non-metallic inclusions and unexcluded gas (mainly hydrogen) that are mainly formed of aluminum oxide in the ingot.
\nTherefore, the oxide film is a kind of peculiar defect of non-metallic inclusions in the ingot, but it is different from the slag inclusion. It can not be found when inspecting the low-magnification test piece and fracture structure of the ingot, only It can be found only by using special craft samples (upsetting the ingot samples).<\/p>\n

The oxide film found on the fracture of the ingot process sample can be roughly divided into three types
\nOne type is a light yellow, brown or dark brown sheet oxide film.
\nThe first type is \u201csparkle\u201d with a white and bright surface similar to the sheet oxide film.
\nThe other type is \u201csmall bright spots\u201d with a silver-white luster that are round or oval.<\/p>\n

When the melt crystallizes, the micropores formed in the dendrite after crystallization are loose due to insufficient supplement of liquid metal between the dendrites of the matrix or the presence of unexcluded gas (mainly hydrogen).
\nThe pores formed by insufficient filling are called shrinkage looseness; the looseness formed by gas is called gas looseness.
\nThe loose macroscopic structure is characterized by black pinholes, and the fracture structure is characterized by rough tissue and not dense. When the looseness is serious, there are small white bright spots on the fracture.
\nThe microstructure is characterized by angular black holes, the more severe the looseness, the greater the number of black holes and the larger the size.<\/p>\n

Looseness reduces the density of the ingot and the density, especially the impact toughness and lateral elongation of the high-strength aluminum alloy.
\nIn addition, loose ingots will cause cracks during hot rolling and forging, and the semi-finished products will have bubbles during spheroidizing annealing.
\nTherefore, loosening, as an important organizational defect of ingots, must be prevented. Strictly control the looseness that has occurred in the ingot. When it exceeds the level allowed by the standard, the ingot will be rejected.
\nThe degree of looseness in the aluminum alloy ingot can generally be determined by measuring the density of the sample and comparing it with the theoretical density of the alloy.<\/p>\n

Solution of Oxide Film<\/h3>\n

According to the formation process and influencing factors of looseness, the method to prevent the ingot from loosening is:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Reduce the gas content in the melt. Mainly should do the following:
\n1. The furnace is large and the oven should be thorough after mid-repair.
\n2. Preheating and baking of refining agent and casting tools should be thorough.
\n3. Refining should be thorough; (4) To prevent the melt staying in the furnace for too long.<\/p>\n

Reduce the size of the transition zone in the ingot. The main measures are:<\/p>\n

The looseness in the aluminum alloy continuous ingot is always distributed in the equiaxed crystal area with a wide transition zone, and is always filled with gas. Under normal conditions, the largest loose area of \u200b\u200bthe flat ingot occurs within 30 mm of the wide surface skin layer. The largest loose area of \u200b\u200bthe ingot occurs in the center of the ingot, and it develops toward the side as the crystallizer height increases. Water supply conditions have a great influence on the distribution of looseness, and may break the above rules and cause maximum looseness in local areas.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

40 PPI Cff manufacturer: Defect analysis and solutions for casting aluminum alloy ingots In the production process of cast aluminum alloy ingots, if improper control…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4868,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[233],"tags":[1313,1301,1303,1324,1315,1321,1309,1312,1302,1322,1304,1316,1317,1323,1300,1306,1310,1311,1318,1308,1319,1314,1305,1307,1320],"class_list":["post-2372","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-casting-aluminum-in-achinsk","tag-casting-aluminum-in-alscon-aluminum","tag-casting-aluminum-in-alucam-aluminum","tag-casting-aluminum-in-aluko-smelter","tag-casting-aluminum-in-alum-tulcea","tag-casting-aluminum-in-asas-aluminyum","tag-casting-aluminum-in-aughinish","tag-casting-aluminum-in-bogoslovsk","tag-casting-aluminum-in-egyptalum-aluminum","tag-casting-aluminum-in-el-aluminium","tag-casting-aluminum-in-hillside-aluminium","tag-casting-aluminum-in-malaysian-aluminium","tag-casting-aluminum-in-masters-india","tag-casting-aluminum-in-metal-smelter","tag-casting-aluminum-in-mozal-aluminum","tag-casting-aluminum-in-mozambique-aluminium-smelter","tag-casting-aluminum-in-mytilineos","tag-casting-aluminum-in-nikolaev","tag-casting-aluminum-in-recialum","tag-casting-aluminum-in-san-ciprian","tag-casting-aluminum-in-sg-aluminyum","tag-casting-aluminum-in-urals","tag-casting-aluminum-in-valco-aluminum","tag-casting-aluminum-in-volta-aluminium","tag-casting-aluminum-in-zodiac"],"yoast_head":"\nAluminum 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